Lockheed Constellation

Constellation
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A Qantas Empire Airways L-749 Constellation.
Type	Airliner
Manufacturer	Lockheed
Designed by	Clarence "Kelly" Johnson Hall Hibbard
Maiden flight	1943-01-09
Introduced	1943 with USAAF 1945 with TWA
Retired	1967, airline service 1978, military
Primary user	Trans World Airlines
Produced	1943-1958
Number built	856
Variants	EC-121 Warning Star

The Lockheed Constellation, affectionately known as the “Connie”, was a four-engine propeller-driven airliner built by Lockheed between 1943 and 1958 at its Burbank, California, USA, facility. A total of 856 aircraft were produced in four models, all distinguished by a distinctive triple-tail design and graceful, dolphin-shaped fuselage. It was used as both a civilian airliner and U.S. military air transport plane, seeing service in the Berlin Airlift and as the presidential aircraft for President Eisenhower.

Background

Excalibur: The Constellation's predecessor

Since 1937, Lockheed had been working on the L-044 Excalibur, a four-engine pressurized airliner. In 1939 Trans World Airlines, at the encouragement of major stockholder Howard Hughes, requested a 40-passenger transcontinental airliner with 3,500 mile (5,630 km) range - well beyond the capabilities of the limited Excalibur design. TWA's requirements led to the L-049 Constellation, designed by such Lockheed engineers as Kelly Johnson and Hall Hibbard. Willis Hawkins, another Lockheed engineer, maintains that the Excalibur program was purely a cover for the Constellation.

The military's C-69 prototype was based on the initial L-049 design.

Development of the Constellation

The Constellation's wing was effectively the same as that of the P-38 Lightning, differing only in scale. The distinctive triple tail kept the aircraft's overall height low enough so that it could fit in existing hangars, while new features included hydraulically-boosted controls and a thermal de-icing system used on wing and tail leading edges.

With the onset of World War II, the TWA aircraft entering production were converted to an order for C-69 military transport aircraft, with 202 aircraft intended for the United States Army Air Forces. The first prototype (civil registration NX25600) flew on January 9, 1943, a simple ferry hop from Burbank to Muroc Field for testing. Eddie Allen, on loan from Boeing, flew left seat, with Lockheed's own Milo Burcham as copilot. Rudy Thoren and Kelly Johnson were also on board.

With only 22 C-69s delivered before the end of hostilities, the military cancelled the remainder of the order. Aircraft already in production were thus finished as civilian airliners, with TWA receiving the first on 1 October 1945. The first transatlantic proving flight departed Washington, DC on 3 December 1945, arriving in Paris on 4 December via Gander and Shannon.

Rumors persist that Hughes himself was influential in the design of the Constellation, but these are untrue. His only input was suggestions on the required performance and cockpit layout. He left the rest of the design work to Lockheed.

Operational history

Super Constellation (C-121C) during Pilot training in Epinal - Mirecourt, France

TWA was one of the best-known Constellation operators. The pictured aircraft is an L-1049 Super Constellation.

Lockheed Super Constellation at Air 04, Payerne, Switzerland

Trans World Airlines opened post-war commercial intercontinental air service on 6 February, 1946, with a New York - Paris flight in a Constellation. On 17 June, 1947, Pan American World Airways opened the first ever regularly-scheduled around-the-world service with their L-749 Clipper America. The famous flight Pan-Am PA 101 remained in service for 50 years.

As the first pressurized airliner in widespread use, the Constellation helped to usher in affordable and comfortable air travel for the masses. Some of the more famous operators of Constellations were TWA, Pan American World Airways, Air France, BOAC, KLM, Qantas, Lufthansa, Iberia Airlines, Panair do Brasil, and Trans-Canada Airlines (later renamed Air Canada).

Initial difficulties

The Constellation suffered three accidents in the first ten months of airline service, temporarily curtailing its career as a passenger airliner. On June 18 1946, the engine of a Pan American aircraft caught fire and fell off of the wing. The flight crew was able to make an emergency landing with no loss of life. However, on July 11 of the same year a TWA aircraft fell victim to inflight fire, crashing in a field and taking the lives of five of the six on board. The accidents prompted the suspension of the Constellation's airworthiness certificate until Lockheed could modify the design to avoid repeats of the problems.

The Constellation, like the other piston-powered airliners of the day, proved prone to engine failures, earning it the nickname of "the world's finest three-engine airliner" in some circles.

Records

Sleek and powerful, Constellations set a number of records. On April 17, 1944, the second production L-049, piloted by Howard Hughes and TWA president Jack Frye flew from Burbank, California to Washington D.C. in 6 hours and 57 minutes. On the return trip, the aircraft stopped at Wright Field to give Orville Wright his last plane flight, more than forty years after his historic first flight. He commented that the wingspan on the Constellation was longer than the distance of his first flight.

On September 29, 1957, an L-1649A Starliner flew from Los Angeles to London in 18 hours and 32 minutes. The L-1649A still holds the record for the longest-duration non-stop passenger flight — during TWA's inaugural London to San Francisco flight on 1-2 October, 1957, the aircraft stayed aloft for a remarkable 23 hours and 19 minutes.

Obsolescence

The advent of jet airliners, with the de Havilland Comet, Boeing 707, and Convair 880, rendered the piston-engined Constellation obsolete. The first routes lost to jets were the long overseas routes, but Constellations continued to fly domestic routes. The last scheduled passenger flight of a four-engined piston-engined airliner in the United States was made by a TWA L-749 on May 11 1967 from Philadelphia to Kansas City, MO. Many Constellations continued to serve as fast freighters for years to come.

Several Constellations have been restored in recent years, a few to flying condition and are a popular sight at airshows. An (unflyable) example is visible at Greenwood Lake Airport, where it has been turned into part of the terminal building.

President Dwight Eisenhower flew in two Constellations, named Columbine II and Columbine III.

Two Constellations, the VC-121E Columbine III, used as Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential aircraft, and an EC-121 Warning Star are fully restored and on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. Several former Air Force One craft are on display at the Pima Air Museum, Tucson, used by President Eisenhower and his successors. Template:WS

Timeline

• June 1939 - Initial design started
• May 1943 - Construction begins on model L-049
• January 9, 1943 - First flight
• October 19, 1946 - First flight of model L-649
• April 18, 1947 - First production model L-749
• October 13, 1950 - First flight of model L-1049, the "Super Constellation".
• October 11, 1956 - First flight of model L-1649, the "Starliner"

Variants

The Constellation was produced in both civil and military versions. The initial military versions carried the Lockheed designation of L-049; as World War II came to a close, some were completed as civil L-049 Constellations. The first purpose-built passenger Constellation was the more powerful L-649, followed by the L-1049 Super Constellation and L-1649 Starliner. Military versions included the C-69 and C-121 for the Army Air Force/Air Force and the R7O and R7V for the Navy.

Operators

Constellations were used by dozens of airlines and militaries around the world. In military service, the Navy/Air Force EC-121 Warning Star variant remained operational until 1978, nearly 40 years after work on the L-049 began.

An Eastern Air Lines Constellation in flight.

Commercial

Civilian airlines that operated the Constellation included:

• Aer Lingus
• Affretair
• Air Ceylon
• Air France
• Air India
• Avianca
• American Airlines
• American Overseas Airlines
• BOAC
• Braniff International Airways
• Capital Airlines
• Chicago and Southern Air Lines
• China Airlines
• Cubana
• Delta Air Lines
• Eastern Air Lines
• El Al
• Iberia Airlines
• KLM
• Lufthansa
• Northwest Orient Airlines
• Pakistan International Airlines
• Pan American World Airways
• Perú Internacional - COPISA
• Qantas
• Sabena (leased from Western Airlines)
• South Pacific Airlines
• Trans Canada Airlines
• Trans World Airlines
• Western Airlines

Military

The Constellation was used by the following militaries:

• Indian Navy
• Indonesian Air Force
• United States Air Force and Navy

On screen

The story of Hughes' collaboration with Lockheed for the production of the Constellation is told, in part, in the 2004 film The Aviator.

Specifications (L-1049G)

Data from Great Aircraft of the World, and Quest for Performance

General characteristics

• Crew: 5 flight crew, varying cabin crew
• Capacity: typically 62-95 passengers, up to 109 could be seated
• Length: 116 ft 2 in (35.42 m)
• Wingspan: 126 ft 2 in (38.47 m)
• Height: 24 ft 9 in (7.54 m)
• Wing area: 1,654 ft² (153.7 m²)
• Empty weight: 79,700 lb (36,150 kg)
• Useful load: 65,300 lb (29,620 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 137,500 lb (kg)
• Powerplant: 4× Wright R-3350-DA3 Turbo Compound 18-cylinder supercharged radial engines, 3,250 hp (2,424 kW) each
• Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0211

Drag area: 34.82 ft² (3.23 m²)

Aspect ratio: 9.17 Performance

• Maximum speed: 380 mph (330 kt, 610 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 354 mph (310 kt, 570 km/h) at 22,600 ft (6,890 m)
• Stall speed: 100 mph (87 kt, 160 km/h)
• Range: 5,400 mi (4,700 nm, 8,700 km)
• Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,620 m)
• Rate of climb: ft/min (m/s)
• Wing loading: 87.7 lb/ft² (428 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.023 hp/lb (39 W/kg)

Lift-to-drag ratio: 16.0

References

1. Marson, Peter J. (c1982). The Lockheed Constellation series. Tonbridge, UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 0-85130-100-2. 
2. Smith, MJ, Jr. (1986). Passenger airliners of the United States, 1926-1991. Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-72-7. 

External links

• Lockheed Martin official site
• Connie Survivors
• Goleta Air and Space Museum: Lockheed Constellation Survivors
• Warbird Alley: Connie page

Photographs

• Gallery of civilian and military Lockheed Constellations worldwide and links to other galleries.
• Qantas Empire Airways Lockheed L749 Constellation VH-EAB

• A photograh and description of VH-EAB and two colored promotional posters for Qantas Empire Airways's Constellation services.
• One of four similar aerial photographs of VH-EAB by Frank Hurley, with brief annotation.

Restored Constellations

• MATS Connie; aircraft specifications
• Save a Connie, Inc
• Super Constellation Flyers Association
• [1]

Related content

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Lockheed Constellation

Related development

• EC-121 Warning Star
• P-38 Lightning

Comparable aircraft

• Boeing 377
• Douglas DC-6
• Douglas DC-7

Designation sequence

• L-33 - L-34 - L-37 - L-49 - L-75 - L-80 - L-81

Related lists

• List of Lockheed aircraft
• List of models of the Lockheed Constellation

See also

Lockheed aircraft models

Airliners and Civil Transports: Vega · Electra · Electra Junior · Super Electra · Lodestar · Constellation · Saturn · L-188 Electra · L-402 · JetStar · L-1011 TriStar

Military Transports : C-64 · C-121 · R6V · C-130 Hercules · C-141 Starlifter · C-5 Galaxy

Fighters: F-22 Raptor · F-35 Lightning II · F-94 Starfire · F-104 Starfighter · F-117 Nighthawk · P-38 Lightning · P-80 Shooting Star · T-33 Shooting Star

Patrol and reconnaissance : Hudson · PV-1 Ventura · PV-2 Harpoon · P-2 Neptune · P-3 Orion · CP-140 Aurora/CP-140A Arcturus · U-2 · SR-71 Blackbird · S-3 Viking