Airbus A400M

The Airbus A400M is a European four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft that can be configured for aerial refueling. It has been designed by Airbus Military corporation to replace a variety of aircraft, including the Lockheed Martin C-130 Hercules and the Transall C-160. The A400M has been ordered by 9 nations.

Development

The project began as the Future International Military Airlifter (FIMA) group, set up in 1982 by Aerospatiale, British Aerospace, Lockheed, and MBB to develop a replacement for the C-130 Hercules and Transall C-160. Varying requirements and the complications of international politics caused slow progress. In 1989 Lockheed left the grouping and went on to develop an upgraded Hercules, the C-130J Super Hercules. With the addition of Alenia and CASA the FIMA group became Euroflag.

Originally the SNECMA M138 turboprop (based on the M88 core) was selected to power the A400M. Airbus Military issued a new Request for Proposal in April 2002 which Pratt & Whitney Canada with the PW180 and Europrop International answered. Airbus Military announced, after evaluating both designs, the selection of the Europrop TP400-D6 in May 2003.

The partner nations, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Belgium, and Luxembourg, signed an agreement in May 2003 to buy 212 aircraft. These nations decided to charge OCCAR with the management of the acquisition of the A400M.

Following the withdrawal of Italy and revision of procurement totals the revised requirement was for 180 aircraft, with first flight in 2008 and first delivery in 2009. On 28 April 2005, South Africa joined the partnership programme with the state owned Denel Aerospace Systems receiving a contract for fuselage components.

Into production

The A400M assembly at the Seville plant of EADS Spain started in Q1 2007. Airbus plans to manufacture thirty aircraft per year. The major assemblies arrive by Airbus Beluga transporters. The four EuroProp TP400-D6 flight test engines were been delivered in late February 2008 for the first A400M. Static structural testing of a A400M test airframe began on 12 March 2008 in Spain.

File:Airbus A400M Rollout.JPG

The first A400M, surrounded by EADS employees, during the aircraft's world presentation (roll-out), celebrated in Seville on 26 June 2008.

The first test flight, originally scheduled for Q1 2008, was postponed due to program delays, schedule adjustments and financial pressures. EADS announced in early January 2008 that continued development problems with the engines had resulted in a delay to Q2 2008 before the first engine test flights on a C-130 testbed aircraft. The first flight of the aircraft, previously scheduled for July 2008, had again been postponed. Civil certification under European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) CS-25 will be followed later by certification for military purposes. The A400M was "rolled out" in Seville on 26 June 2008 at an event presided by King Juan Carlos I of Spain, while the maiden flight is now facing on-going technical delays and is unlikely to happen earlier than late 2009.

The current focus is on obtaining the required hours of airborne test time on the C-130 testbed aircraft. The first flight of the C-130 testbed occurred on 17 December 2008.

Sales

In December 2004, South Africa announced it would purchase eight A400Ms at a total cost of approximately €800 million, with the nation joining the Airbus Military team as an industrial partner. Deliveries were expected from 2010 to 2012. But on 3 April 2009 the South African Air Force announced that it would start considering alternatives to the A400M due to postponed production and increased cost.

On 18 July 2005, the Chilean Air Force signed a Memorandum of understanding for three aircraft to be delivered between 2018 and 2022. But the order was cancelled after new elections.

On 8 December 2005, the Royal Malaysian Air Force ordered four A400Ms to replace its ageing fleet of C-130s.Template:Citation needed

Airbus Military made a bid in 2006 to supply Canada the A400M to meet a tender request for 17 new tactical airlifters to replace their old CC-130E models. The Canadians ordered four C-17 Globemaster IIIs and 17 C-130J Super Hercules instead.

2009 technical problems

On 9 January 2009, EADS announced that the first delivery has been postponed until at least 2012. EADS also indicated that it wants to renegotiate "certain technical characteristics" of the aircraft. EADS has long maintained the first deliveries would begin three years after the A400M's first flight. The German newspaper Financial Times Deutschland has closely followed the A400M program and reported on 12 January 2009 that the aircraft is overweight by 12 tons and may not be able to achieve a critical performance requirement, the ability to airlift 32 tons. Sources told FTD that, currently, the aircraft can only lift 29 tons, which is insufficient to carry a modern armored infantry fighting vehicle. The FTD report prompted the chief of the German Air Force to say, "That is a disastrous development," and could delay deliveries to the Luftwaffe until 2014. The Initial Operational Capability (IOC) for the Luftwaffe is delayed at least until 2017. This leads the political planning to potential alternatives in the shape of a higher integration of European airlift capabilities. The OCCAR reminded the participating countries that they can terminate the contract before 31 March 2009. On 29 March 2009, Airbus CEO Thomas Enders told Der Spiegel magazine that the program may need to be abandoned without changes.

In June 2009, Lockheed Martin said that both United Kingdom and France had asked for technical details on the C-130J as an alternative to the A400M. On 12 June, The New York Times reported that Germany and France have delayed the decision whether or not to cancel their orders for another 6 months, while the UK still plans to decide at the end of June. The NYT also quotes a report to the French Senate from February 2009, according to which "the A400M is €5 billion over budget, 3 to 4 years behind schedule, [...] aerospace experts estimate it is also costing Airbus between €1 billion and €1.5 billion a year."

The shortage of military transports caused by the A400M delay forced the U.K. to lease (and subsequently purchase) six C-17s. France and Germany have also been considering other planes, as all three countries need to support their operations in Afghanistan.

On 24 July 2009, the seven European nations announced that they would continue with the A400M program, and form a joint procurement agency to renegotiate the contract with EADS. A meeting will take place 15 October 2009 in Germany to relate the new terms. If they are formally agreed upon, lawyers will draft documents for signing in December, around the same time as the planned first flight of the A400M in Seville.

Design

File:A400M propellers DBE.jpg

Model of the A400M showing the turboprop engines with 8 bladed swept propellers

File:A400M landing gear P1220828.jpg

A400M landing gear display at Paris Air Show, 2007

The Airbus A400M will increase the airlift capacity and range compared with the aircraft it was originally set to replace, the older versions of the Hercules and Transall. Cargo capacity is expected to double over existing aircraft, both in payload and volume, and range is increased substantially as well. The cargo box dimensions are: Length, excluding ramp 17.71 m; ramp length 5.40 m; width 4.00 m; height 3.85 m; height, aft of wing 4.00 m.

The Airbus A400M will operate in many configurations including cargo transport, troop transport, Medical evacuation, aerial refuelling, and electronic surveillance.

The cockpit features a fly-by-wire flight control system with sidestick controllers and flight envelope protection. Like Airbus' other aircraft, the A400M will have a full glass cockpit (all information accessed through large colour screens) and as such will represent a technological leap compared to the older C-130s and C-160s that many countries now operate.

The A400M's wings are primarily carbon fibre reinforced plastic. The eight-bladed Scimitar propeller is also made from a woven composite material. It is powered by four Europrop TP400-D6 rated at 8,250 kW (11,000 hp) each.

EADS and Thales will provide the new Multi-Color Infrared Alerting Sensor (MIRAS) missile warning sensor for the A400M.

Operators

Orders

Date	Country	Orders	EIS
May 27, 2003	Template:GER	60	not available
	Template:FRA	50	not available
	Template:ESP	27	not available
	Template:UK	25	not available
	Template:TUR	10	not available
	Template:BEL	7	not available
	Template:LUX	1	not available
December 15, 2004	Template:RSA	8	not available
December 8, 2005	Template:MYS	4	not available
Total:		192

Specifications

Data from Airbus Military specifications

General characteristics

• Crew: 3 or 4 (2 pilots, 3rd optional, 1 loadmaster)
• Capacity:
  
  • 37,000 kg (82,000 lb)
  • 116 fully equipped troops / paratroops,
  • up to 66 stretchers accompanied by 25 medical personnel
• Length: 45.1 m (147 ft 10 in)
• Wingspan: 42.4 m (139 ft 1 in)
• Height: 14.7 m (48 ft 2 in)
• Empty weight: 70 tonnes (154,000 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 141 tonnes (310,852 lb)
• Powerplant: 4× EuroProp International TP400-D6 turboprop, 8,250 kW (11,000 hp) each
• Total Internal Fuel: 50.5 tonnes (111,333 lb)
• Max. Landing Weight: 114 tonnes (251,000 lb)

Performance

• Cruise speed: 780 km/h (420 kt, 485 mph Mach 0.68 - 0.72)
  
• Initial Cruise Altitude: at MTOW: 9,000 m (29,000 ft))
• Range: 3,298 km (1,780 nmi) at max payload (long range cruise speed; reserves as per MIL-C-5011A)
  
  • Range at 30-tonne payload: 4,540 km (2,450 nmi)
  • Range at 20-tonne payload: 6,390 km (3,450 nmi)
• Ferry range: 8,710 km (4,700 nmi)
• Service ceiling: 11,300 m (37,000 ft)
  Maximum Operating Altitude: 12,000 m (40,000 ft)
• Tactical Takeoff Distance: 980 m (3,215 ft) (aircraft weight 100 tonnes, soft field, ISA, sea level)
• Tactical Landing Distance: 770 m (2,526 ft) (as above)
• Turning Radius (Ground): 28.6 m

See also

Comparable aircraft

• Antonov An-70
• C-130J Super Hercules
• Embraer KC-390
• C-160 Transall
• Kawasaki C-X
• Shaanxi Y-9
• Short Belfast

See also

• Airlift (military)
• Cargo aircraft

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Airbus A400M

• Airbus Military
• A400M Countdown
• A400M history, photo gallery and technical details (EADS-CASA website)
• OCCAR
• Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), RUSI Briefing Note: The Case Against the A400M, June 2009
• Airforce-Technology.com page on A400M
• BBC video of unveiling of the A400M
• Official unveiling in Seville

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Airbus A400M".