Airbus Beluga

Airbus A300-600ST Beluga
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Beluga in current colours
Type	Outsize cargo freight aircraft
Manufacturer	EADS (Airbus S.A.S.)
Maiden flight	13 September 1994
Introduced	September 1995
Status	In service
Primary user	Airbus Transport International
Number built	5
Unit cost	N/A
Developed from	Airbus A300-600

The Airbus A300-600ST (Super Transporter) or Beluga is a version of the standard Airbus A300 wide-body airliner, modified to carry aircraft parts and over-sized or awkward cargo. It was officially called the Super Transporter at first, but the name Beluga became popular and has now been adopted as official.

History

Several major aircraft manufacturers are multinational, and it is not unusual for them to have plants in widely separated locations. Airbus, however, is unique in that it was a consortium formed by the major French, British, German, and Spanish aerospace companies, and the geographic location of Airbus manufacturing is not merely a matter of cost and convenience, it is also a matter of history, national interest and pride. In consequence, each of the Airbus partners makes an entire aircraft section, which needs to be transported to a central location for final assembly. The details vary from one model to another, but the general arrangement is for the wings to be made in Britain, the tail in Spain, the fuselage in Germany, and the nose and centre-section in France; all being united at either Toulouse or Hamburg.

Super Guppy F-BPPA

When Airbus started in 1970, the first few components were delivered by road, but growing production numbers soon necessitated a switch to air transport. From 1972 onwards a fleet of four highly modified "Super Guppys" took over. These were former Boeing Stratocruisers from the 1940s, converted with custom fuselages and turbine engines to carry large volume loads for the 1960s NASA space program, leading to the jibe that 'every Airbus is delivered on the wings of a Boeing'. As time went by, the Super Guppys became unsatisfactory: their age meant that operating expenses were high and growing higher, and increasing Airbus production rates needed greater capacity.

Airbus Beluga in flight

In 1991 Aérospatiale and DASA, two of the major Airbus partners, formed a company to develop a replacement. The starting point was the design for the wide-body twin-engined Airbus A300: the wings, engines, landing gear, and the lower part of the fuselage are the same as the A300 while the upper part of the fuselage is an enormous horseshoe-shaped structure 7.7 metres in diameter. To provide access to the cargo area from the front without having to disconnect all electrical, hydraulic and flight control connections (not to mention the lengthy recalibrations before each flight the reconnection entailed), the standard A300 cockpit was moved down below the cargo floor level and a 17 metre high cargo door fitted. Finally, the tail structure was enlarged and strengthened to maintain directional stability.

Airbus Beluga in old colors with other planes in the background giving an idea of its massive scale

Construction began in September 1992, the first flight was in September 1994. After 335 hours of test flying, certification was awarded in September 1995 and the A300-600ST, now known as the Beluga, entered service. Four more Belugas were constructed, at a rate of roughly one a year, and all five remain in regular service. Their primary task is to carry Airbus components across Europe ready for final assembly in Toulouse or Hamburg, but they are available for charter work as well, and have been used to carry a variety of special loads, including space station components, large, very delicate artworks, industrial machinery, and entire helicopters. (The Beluga illustrated above had been chartered to carry two complete NHI NH90s and a Eurocopter Tiger from Europe to Australia and back). The A300-600ST's freight compartment is 7.4 metres in diameter and 37.7 metres long; maximum payload is 47 tons. At 153.9 tonnes its maximum take-off weight is comparable to a normal A300 showing that this plane was intended for large but relatively light cargo.

Technical data

Airbus Beluga loading/unloading

Measurement	A300-600ST
Length	56.16 m (184ft)
Span	44.84 m (147ft)
Height	17.34 m (57ft)
Wing area	258.8 m² (849ft2)
Fuselage diameter	7.7 m (25 ft)
Weight empty	86.0 t
Maximum take-off weight	153.9 t
Range (at 40 tons)	2,780 km (1727 Statute Miles)
Range (at 26 tons)	4,630 km (2877
Cargo capacity	47 tons
Cargo volume	1,365 m³ (848 Ft3)
Cockpit Crew	Four

External links

• Airbus Transport

Related content

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Airbus Beluga

Related development

• Airbus A300

Comparable aircraft

• Aero Spacelines Super Guppy
• 747 Large Cargo Freighter

See also