Douglas DC-3

Douglas DC-3
275px
A C-47A of the Portuguese Air Force.
Type	Airliner/transport aircraft
Manufacturer	Douglas Aircraft Company
Designed by	Arthur E. Raymond, chief engineer
Maiden flight	1935-12-17
Status	>400 in limited use
Number built	>13,000
Developed from	Douglas DC-2
Variants	C-47 Skytrain

The Douglas DC-3 is a fixed-wing, propeller-driven aircraft whose speed and range revolutionized air transport in the 1930s and 1940s. Because of its lasting impact on the airline industry and World War II, it is generally regarded as one of the most significant transport aircraft ever made.

History

The DC-3 was engineered by a team led by chief engineer Arthur E. Raymond, and first flew on December 17, 1935 (the 32^nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers flight at Kitty Hawk). The plane was the result of a marathon phone call from American Airlines CEO Cyrus Smith to Donald Douglas requesting the design of an improved successor to the DC-2. The amenities of the DC-3 (including sleeping berths on early models and an in-flight kitchen) popularized air travel in the United States. With only three refueling stops, eastbound transcontinental flights across America taking approximately 15 hours became possible. Westbound trips took 17 hours 30 minutes - still a significant improvement over the competing Boeing 247. Before the arrival of the DC-3, such a trip would entail short hops in commuter aircraft, during the day, coupled with train travel overnight.

A Douglas DC-3 (a former military C-47B) of Air Atlantique taking off at Hullavington airfield, England

Early U.S. airlines like United, American, TWA and Eastern ordered over 400 DC-3s. These fleets paved the way for the modern American air travel industry, quickly replacing trains as the favored means of long-distance travel across the United States. Piedmont Airlines operated DC-3s from 1948 to 1963. One of Piedmont's DC-3s, operated by the Carolinas Aviation Museum, continues to fly to air shows today and has been used in various movies.

During World War II, many civilian DC-3s were drafted for the war effort and nearly 10,000 military versions of the DC-3 were built, under the designations C-47, C-53, R4D and Dakota. Peak production of the type was reached in 1944 with 4853 being delivered. The armed forces of many countries used the DC-3 and its military variants for the transport of troops, cargo and wounded. Licensed copies were built in Japan as Showa L2D (487 aircraft) and in the USSR as the Lisunov Li-2 (between 2200 and 4900 aircraft, per varying sources).

A Douglas Super DC-3, taking off from Pangnirtung Airport (Nunavut, Canada)

After the war, thousands of surplus C-47s were converted to civil service and became the standard equipment of almost all the world's airlines, remaining in front-line service for many years. The ready availability of ex-military examples of this cheap, easily-maintained aircraft (it was both large and fast by the standards of the day) jump-started the worldwide, post-war air transport industry.

Douglas had developed an improved version, with a greater cargo capacity and a different wing, which it attempted to sell during this time frame but with all these surplus aircraft, the Super DC-3 did not sell in the civil market. The US Navy had 100 of their early R4Ds converted to Super DC-3 standard as the R4D-8, later C-117D.

Numerous attempts were made to design a "DC-3 replacement", over the next three decades (including the very successful Fokker Friendship) but no single type could match the versatility, rugged reliability and economy of the DC-3 and it remained a significant part of air transport systems, well into the 1970s. Even today, over 70 years after the DC-3 first flew, there are still small operators with DC-3s in revenue service and as cargo planes. The common saying among aviation buffs and pilots is that "the only replacement for a DC-3 is another DC-3." The aircraft's legendary ruggedness is enshrined in the lighthearted description of the DC-3 as "a collection of parts flying in loose formation." Its ability to start and land on grass or dirt runways also makes it popular in developing countries, where the runways may not always be a paved surface.

Some of the more common uses of the DC3 have been aerial spraying, freight transport, passenger service, military transport and sport skydiving shuttling.

A Swedish C-47 (Swedish designation Tp79) was shot down over the Baltic Sea in June 1952. This was part of an international incident (see the Catalina affair).

Production

10,655 DC-3s were built at Santa Monica, California and Long Beach, California in both civil and military versions. Over 2000 were built in Russia, under license, as the Lisunov Li-2 (NATO reporting name: Cab). 485 were built in Japan, as the L2D Type 0 transport. More than 400 remained in commercial service, in 1998.

A wide variety of engines was fitted to the DC-3 throughout the course of production. The most popular was the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Double Wasp radial, but both the Wright R-1820 Cyclone and the Pratt & Whitney R-2000 radials saw use. Some DC-3s were upgraded to use Rolls-Royce Dart or Armstrong Siddeley Mamba turbines.

The Basler BT-67 is a derivative type of the DC-3. Basler refurbishes DC-3s, fitting them with PT-6 turbo-prop engines, lengthening the fuselage by over 3 feet and strengthening the airframes in selected areas.

Specifications (DC-3)

Cockpit of DC3 operated by FAA to verify operation of navaids (VORs & NDBs) along federal airways.

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Capacity: 21-32 passengers
• Length: 64 ft 5 in (19.7 m)
• Wingspan: 95 ft 0 in (29.0 m)
• Height: 16 ft 11 in (5.16 m)
• Wing area: 987 ft² (91.7 m²)
• Empty weight: 18,300 lb (8,300 kg)
• Loaded weight: 25,200 lb (11,400 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 28,000 lb (12,700 kg)
• Powerplant: 2× Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3G 14-cylinder radial engines, 1,200 hp (895 kW) each
• Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard 7149-A series

Performance

• Maximum speed: 237 mph (206 knots, 381 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 170 mph (147 knots, 274 km/h)
• Range: 1,025 mi (890 nm, 1,650 km)
• Service ceiling: 24,000 ft (7,300 m)
• Rate of climb: 1,130 ft/min (5.73 m/s) initial
• Wing loading: 25.5 lb/ft² (125 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.0952 hp/lb (157 W/kg)

References

• Gradidge, Jennifer M. The Douglas DC-1/DC-2/DC-3 The First Seventy Years Volumes One and Two. Air-Britain, London, 2006. ISBN 0-85130-332-3.
• Francillon, René (1979). McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-87021-428-4. 
• Yenne, Bill (1985). McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books. ISBN 0-517-44287-6. 
• Pearcy, Arthur (1995). Douglas Propliners: DC-1 - DC-7. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-261-X. 

External links

• The Online DC-3 Aviation Museum
• Centennial of flight Commission on the DC-3
• Aviation Records on the DC-3
• Aviation History on the DC-3
• Airliners.net DC-3
• Flying Piedmont Airlines DC-3, formerly owned and operated by Piedmont Airlines, and US Air
• Pionair Airline flying restored DC-3s (Current primary aircraft is the Convair CV-580, a turboprop conversion of the Convair_CV-240.)
• Basler BT-67 Re-manufactured and turbinized version of the DC-3
• Discovery Air Tours (formerly Dakota National Air) Charter DC-3 operator at Bankstown Airport, New South Wales Australia
• The DC-3 Hangar
• Warbird Alley: DC-3/C-47 page
• Early 1970's DC-3 turboptop conversions by Conroy Aircraft, who also developed the Aero Spacelines Guppy series and the Conroy Skymonster.
• Gold Timer Foundation Restorers of the only remaining Li-2 still in flying condition. HA-LIX regularly flies sight-seeing flights. (Hungarian)
• Dakota Norway
• DC-Association Finland

Related content

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Douglas DC-3

Related development

• C-47 Skytrain

Comparable aircraft

• Junkers Ju 52
• Boeing 247
• Saab Scandia (90)

Designation sequence

• Army: C-45 - C-46 - C-47 - C-48 - C-49 - C-50 - C-51 - C-52 - C-53 - C-54 - C-56

Related lists

• List of civil aircraft
• List of famous people who have died in incidents involving DC-3 aircraft

See also
Template:Douglas Airliners