Rolls-Royce Spey

The Rolls-Royce RB.168 Spey is a low-bypass turbofan engine originally designed and manufactured by Rolls-Royce that has been in widespread service for over 40 years. Intended for the civilian jet airliner market when it was being designed in the late 1950s, the Spey concept was also used in various military engines, and later as a turboshaft engine for ships known as the Marine Spey, and even as the basis for a new civilian line, the Rolls-Royce Tay. Aviation versions of the "base model" have accumulated over 50 million hours of flight time. In keeping with Rolls-Royce naming policies, the engine is named after the River Spey.

Design and development

In 1954 Rolls-Royce introduced the first commercial bypass engine, the Rolls-Royce Conway, with a 21,000 lbf (94 kN) thrust aimed at what was then the "large end" of the market. This was far too large for smaller aircraft such as the Sud Caravelle, BAC One-Eleven or Hawker Siddeley Trident which were then under design. Rolls then started work on a smaller engine otherwise identical in design, the RB.163 ( RB; Rolls Barnoldswick, after the original Rover works at Barnoldswick), using the same two-spool turbine system and a fairly small fan delivering bypass ratios of about 0.64:1. The first versions entered service in 1964, powering both the 1-11 and Trident. Several versions with higher power ratings were delivered through the 1960s, but development was ended nearing the 1970s due to the introduction of engines with much higher bypass ratios, and thus better fuel economy. Spey-powered airliners continued in widespread service until the 1980s, when noise limitations in European airports forced them from service.

Tailored for the Buccaneer

In the late 1950s the Soviet Union started the development of a new series of large cruisers that would put the Royal Navy at serious risk. After studying the problem, the RN decided to respond in a "non-linear" fashion, and instead of producing a series of new cruisers themselves, they would introduce a new strike aircraft with the performance needed to guarantee successful attacks on the Soviet fleet. The winning design was the Blackburn Buccaneer, which stressed low-altitude flight as opposed to outright speed.

File:RRSpeynozzle.JPG

Afterburner section of an RB.168

Flying at low altitude, in denser air, requires much more fuel; the air-fuel mixture in a jet engine needs to be kept very close to a constant value to burn properly, and more air requires proportionally more fuel. This presented a serious problem for aircraft such as the Buccaneer, which would have had very short range unless the engines were optimised for low-level flight. The early pre-production versions, powered by the de Havilland Gyron Junior, also proved to be dangerously underpowered. Rolls-Royce attacked this problem by offering a militarised version of the Spey, which emerged as the RB.168. This led to the introduction of the Spey-powered Buccaneer S.2, which served into the 1980s. The Spey proved so successful in this role that it was produced under license in the United States as the TF41 (F113), and was used in a number of British and US designs.

Reliability

During its lifetime the Spey has garnered an impressive safety record, and was the first engine of any sort to be allowed 10,000 hours between overhauls. This dramatically cut maintenance costs, and is one of the major reasons it continued in service even when newer designs were available. With the need for a 10,000 to 15,000 lbf (44 to 67 kN) thrust class engine starting up again with the removal of the Spey from service, Rolls then used the Spey turbomachinery with a much larger fan to produce the Rolls-Royce Tay, a rather modern design even though its ancestors can be traced to the 1950s.

AMX development

A fully-updated version of the military RB.168 was also built to power the AMX International AMX attack aircraft, filling a role similar to the original Buccaneer.

Variants and applications

RB.163 Mk 511-8

• Gulfstream II and Gulfstream III (USAF designation F113-RR-100 for C-20)

RB.163 Mk 512-14DW

• BAC One-Eleven

RB.163 Mk 555-15

• Fokker 28

RB.168 Mk 101 (Military Spey)

• Blackburn Buccaneer

RB.168 Mk 202 (Military Spey)

• British version of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II (surplus engines were purchased and used by Richard Noble for the Thrust SSC land speed record car of 1997.)

RB.168 Mk 202 (Military Spey)

• Xian JH-7 (also known as FBC-1 Flying Leopard)

RB.168 Mk 250 (Military Spey)

• Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR1/MR2

RB.168 Mk 251 (Military Spey)

• Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1 and AEW

RB.168 Mk 807

• AMX, built under licence by FiatAvio

TF41

• Ling-Temco-Vought A-7 Corsair II (USAF -D and US Navy -E models), licence built by Allison Engine Company

Marine Spey

The Spey is still produced today by Rolls-Royce as the Marine Spey, which powers seven ship classes including the Royal Navy's Type 23 frigates and provides a power output of 19.5 MW. The Marine Spey incorporates technology from the Tay and RB211.

Applications

• 16 Royal Navy Type 23 frigates (including three being sold to Chile).
• 4 Royal Navy Type 22 frigates
• 8 Royal Netherlands Navy Karel Doorman class frigates
• 4 Royal Netherlands Navy De Zeven Provinciën class frigates
• 9 Japanese Marine Self-Defense Force Murasame class destroyers

See also

Related lists

• List of aircraft engines

See also

• ThrustSSC

References

• Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Rolls-Royce Spey

• Rolls-Royce.com, Spey page

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Rolls-Royce Spey".