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Blackburn Buccaneer
The Blackburn Buccaneer was a British low-level strike aircraft with nuclear weapon capability serving with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force between 1962 and 1994, including service in the 1991 Gulf War. Designed and initially produced by Blackburn Aircraft it was later known as the Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer when Blackburn became a part of the Hawker Siddeley group.
Contents
Design and development
In the early 1950s the Russian Navy introduced the Sverdlov class cruiser into service. Light cruisers by Second World War measure, they were fast, effectively armed, and numerous. They presented a serious threat to the merchant fleets in the Atlantic, similar to the German "pocket battleships" of the war, but in far greater numbers and over 25% faster. To counter this threat the Royal Navy decided to counter the Sverdlovs not with a new ship class of their own, but a new specialised strike aircraft employing conventional or nuclear weapons. Operating from their fleet carriers and attacking at high-speed and low-level, they would offer a solution to the Sverdlov problem.
A detailed specification was issued in June 1952 as Naval Staff Requirement NA.39, calling for a two-seat aircraft with folding wings, capable of flying at Mach 0.85 at Template:Convert, having a combat range of over Template:Convert, and carrying a nuclear weapon internally. Based on the requirement, in August 1952 the Ministry of Supply issued specification M.148T, and the first responses were returned in February 1953.[1]
Blackburn's design by B. P. Laight, Project B-103, won the tender. Due to secrecy, the aircraft was called BNA (Blackburn Naval Aircraft) or BANA (Blackburn Advanced Naval Aircraft) in documents leading to the obvious nickname of "Banana Jet". (Other sources have described the initial project title as 'ARNA,' 'A Royal Navy Aircraft,' with Blackburn ARNA quickly becoming 'Banana'.)
The Buccaneer was a mid-wing, twin-engine monoplane with a crew of two seated in tandem under a sliding canopy. To meet the demands of the specification, the Buccaneer featured a number of advanced design features. The fuselage was area ruled; meaning it was designed to reduce drag at transonic speeds. This gives rise to the characteristic curvy "Coke bottle" shape. It featured a variable incidence tailplane that could be trimmed to suit the particular requirements of low-speed handling or high-speed flight. At the low-levels and high speeds traditional bomb bay doors could not be opened safely into the air stream, therefore doors were developed that rotated into the fuselage to expose the payload. This was also useful in assisting ground-level access.
The small wing of the Buccaneer was suited to high-speed flight at low level. Such a wing, however, did not generate the lift that was essential for low-speed carrier operations. Therefore, the wing and horizontal stabiliser were "blown" by bleeding compressor gas from the engine through surface vents. A consequence of the blown wing was that the engines were required to run at high power for low-speed flight in order to generate sufficient compressor gas for blowing. Blackburn's solution to this situation was to provide a large air brake. The tail cone was formed from two leaves that could be hydraulically opened into the airstream to decelerate the aircraft. The nose cone and radar antenna could also be swung around by 180° to reduce the length of the aircraft in the carrier hangar. This feature was particularly important as contemporary British aircraft carriers were small.
The first Buccaneer model, the S.1, was powered by a pair of de Havilland Gyron Junior turbojets producing 7,100 lbf (32 kN) of thrust. [2] This mark was somewhat underpowered, and as a consequence could not take off fully laden with both fuel and armament. A temporary solution to this problem was the "buddy" system; aircraft took off with a full load of weaponry and minimal fuel and would sortie with a Supermarine Scimitar that would deliver the full load of fuel by aerial refuelling. This was not an ideal solution, however, as the loss of an engine during take-off could have been catastrophic, and the Gyron Junior gave a poor range due to high fuel consumption. The long term solution was the S.2, fitted with the Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan, providing 40% more thrust with a greatly reduced fuel consumption. The engine nacelles had to be enlarged to accommodate the Spey, and the wing required minor aerodynamic modifications as a result. The Buccaneer S.2 had completely replaced the S.1 by November 1966.
In January 1963, sixteen aircraft were ordered by the South African Air Force, as the S.50. These were S.2 aircraft with the addition of Bristol Siddeley BS.605 rocket engines to provide additional thrust for the "hot and high" African airfields. One was lost on its delivery flight, and fifteen entered service.
After the cancellation of both the BAC TSR-2 and F-111K tactical bombers, the Royal Air Force eventually adopted the Buccaneer in 1968. This was ironic as the RAF had, ten years earlier, rejected Blackburn's B-108 proposal for a Buccaneer variant; instead favouring the TSR-2 to meet its Operational Requirement GOR.339 for a English Electric Canberra replacement.[3] A total of 46 new-build aircraft for the RAF were built by Blackburn's successor, Hawker Siddeley, designated S.2B. These had RAF-type communications and avionics equipment, Martel air-to-surface missile capability, and could be equipped with a bulged bomb-bay door containing an extra fuel tank.
Modifications
Some Fleet Air Arm Buccaneers were modified in-service to also carry the Martel ASM. Martel-capable FAA aircraft were later redesignated S.2D. The remaining aircraft became S.2C.
RAF aircraft were given various upgrades. Self-defence was improved by the addition of the AN/ALQ-101 ECM pod, chaff and flare dispensers and the Sidewinder missile. RAF low-level strike Buccaneers could carry what was known as "retard defence"; four 1,000 pound retarded bombs internally that could be dropped to provide an effective deterrent against any following aircraft. They were able to operate the AN/AVQ-23E Pave Spike laser designator pod for Paveway II guided bombs and act as target designators for other aircraft. From 1986, No. 208 Squadron RAF replaced the Martel with the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile.
No dual-control trainer versions of the Buccaneer were constructed, and the FAA and the RAF utilised the two-seat Hawker Hunter T.8B and T.7A respectively for Buccaneer conversion training. These Hunter variants had a modified instrument panel to simulate the cockpit of the Buccaneer.
Operational history
Fleet Air Arm
The Buccaneer entered service in 1962. In addition to conventional ordnance, in 1965 the Buccaneer was type-approved for nuclear weapons delivery i.e. the Red Beard and WE177 bombs. All nuclear weapons were carried internally in a rotating bomb-bay.[4]
A total of six FAA squadrons were equipped with the Buccaneer: 700B/700Z (Intensive Flying Trials Unit), 736 (training), 800, 801, 803 and 809 Naval Air Squadrons. Buccaneers were embarked on Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS and Template:HMS.
The Buccaneer left Fleet Air Arm service with the decommissioning of the Ark Royal in 1978.
Royal Air Force
The first RAF unit to receive the Buccaneer S.2B was 12 Squadron at RAF Honington in 1969. This was to remain a key station for the type as 15 Squadron equipped with the Buccaneer the following year, before moving to RAF Laarbruch in 1971.
With the phased withdrawal of the Royal Navy's carrier fleet during the 1970s, Fleet Air Arm Buccaneers were transferred to the RAF, which had taken over the maritime strike role. 62 of the 84 S.2 aircraft were eventually transferred, redesignated S.2A. Some of these were later upgraded to S.2B standard.
Ex-FAA aircraft equipped 16 Squadron, joining 15 Squadron at RAF Laarbruch, and 208 Squadron at Honington. The last FAA aircraft went to 216 Squadron.
From 1970 with 12 Squadron initially, followed by 15, 16, 237 OCU, 208 and 216, the RAF Buccaneer force re-equipped with WE.177 nuclear weapons.[5] At peak strength Buccaneers equipped six RAF squadrons, although for one year only. A more sustained strength of five squadrons was made up of three squadrons (15, 16, 208) plus 237 OCU (a war reserve or 'Shadow Squadron') all assigned to SACEUR for land strike duties in support of land forces opposing Warsaw Pact land forces on the Continent, plus one squadron (12 Squadron) assigned to SACLANT for maritime strike duties.[6] After 1983 the land strike duties were mostly re-assigned to the Tornado aircraft then entering service, and two Buccaneer squadrons remaining (12, and 208) were then assigned to SACLANT for maritime strike duties. Only the 'Shadow Squadron' 237 OCU remained assigned to a war role of land strike assigned to SACEUR until it stood down from its war reserve nuclear delivery role in 1991.[7][8]
After a Buccaneer suffered a structural failure in mid-air during a Red Flag exercise, the entire RAF Buccaneer fleet was grounded in February 1980. Investigation discovered serious metal fatigue problems. 60 aircraft were selected to receive new spar rings and the nascent 216 Squadron was subsequently disbanded. Later the same year, the UK-based Buccaneer squadrons moved to RAF Lossiemouth.
The Buccaneer saw war service during the 1991 Gulf War when examples were rushed to the area to provide a laser designation capability for British aircraft, and dropping small numbers of laser-guided bombs themselves. The last Buccaneers were withdrawn in March 1994 when 208 Squadron disbanded. [9]
South African Air Force
South Africa was the only country other than the UK to operate the Buccaneer, where it was in service with the South African Air Force from 1965 to 1991.
Variants
- Blackburn NA.39
- Pre-production build of 20 aircraft.
- Buccaneer S.1
- First production model, powered by de Havilland Gyron Junior turbojet engines. 40 built.
- Buccaneer S.2
- Development of the S.1 with various improvements and powered by the more powerful Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines. From 1962 10 were built by Blackburn Aircraft Ltd. and 74 by Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd.
- Buccaneer S.2A
- Ex-Royal Navy S.2 aircraft reworked for RAF.
- Buccaneer S.2B
- Variant of S.2 for RAF squadrons. Capable of carrying the Martel anti-radar or anti-shipping missile. 46 built between 1973 and 1977, plus three for Ministry of Defence weapons trials work.
- Buccaneer S.2C
- Royal Navy aircraft upgraded to S.2A standard.
- Buccaneer S.2D
- Royal Navy aircraft upgraded to S.2B standard, operational with Martels from 1975.
- Buccaneer S.50
- Variant for South Africa. Wings could be folded but folding was no longer powered. Aircraft could be equipped with two single-stage rockets (see RATO) to assist take-off from hot-and-high airfields like that of AFB Waterkloof in Pretoria, where the type was mostly based.
Operators
- Royal Air Force
- Fleet Air Arm
- 700Z/700B Naval Air Squadron (S.1 and S.2 Intensive Flying Trials Units, respectively)
- 736 Naval Air Squadron
- 800 Naval Air Squadron
- 801 Naval Air Squadron
- 803 Naval Air Squadron
- 809 Naval Air Squadron
Survivors
- Three privately owned Buccaneers located at Thunder City in Cape Town are still airworthy in 2008. These aircraft can be rented for private flights.[10]
- In the UK a Buccaneer (S.2, XX885) is being rebuilt to flying condition by Hawker Hunter Aviation. It was granted UK CAA permission to fly in April 2006. [11]
- A number of Buccaneers in the UK are in fast taxiing condition and several more are being rebuilt to taxiing condition.[12] [13]
Specifications (Buccaneer S.2)
Data from The Observer's Book of Aircraft[14]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2 (Pilot and Observer)
- Length: 63 ft 5 in (19.33 m)
- Wingspan: 44 ft (13.41 m)
- Height: 16 ft 3 in (4.97 m)
- Wing area: 514.7 ft² (47.82 m²)
- Empty weight: 30,000 lb (14,000 kg)
- Loaded weight: 62,000 lb (28,000 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× Rolls-Royce Spey Mk 101 turbofans, 11,100 lbf (49 kN) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 667 mph (580 kn, 1,074 km/h) at 200 ft (60 m)
- Range: 2,300 mi (2,000 nmi, 3,700 km)
- Service ceiling: 40,000 ft (12,200 m)
- Wing loading: 120.5 lb/ft² (587.6 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.36
Armament
- Rockets: 4× Matra rocket pods with 18× SNEB 68 mm rockets each
- Missiles: 2× AS-30Ls or 2× AS-37 Martel missiles
- Bombs: 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) of payload could be carried in the internal bomb bay and on four external hardpoints , including a variety of bombs types including the WE177 tactical nuclear bomb or Buddy refuelling pack or Drop tanks for extended range.
See also
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
Lists relating to aviation | |
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| General | Timeline of aviation · Aircraft · Aircraft manufacturers · Aircraft engines · Aircraft engine manufacturers · Airports · Airlines |
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| Notable incidents and accidents | Military aviation · Airliners · General aviation · Famous aviation-related deaths |
| Records | Flight airspeed record · Flight distance record · Flight altitude record · Flight endurance record · Most produced aircraft |
References
Notes
- ↑ The Spyflight Website: Blackburn Buccaneer
- ↑ Green 1964, p. 430.
- ↑ Boot 1990, p. 64-65
- ↑ Rotating bomb door animation with WE.177
- ↑ RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1966-94
- ↑ RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1979
- ↑ RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1984
- ↑ WE.177 and Buccaneer, weapon overview
- ↑ Jefford 2001, p. 72.
- ↑ ThunderCity Buccaneer page
- ↑ blackburn-buccaneer.co.uk: CAA Approval to Fly! XX885 (G-HHAA) To Return to the Sky
- ↑ www.buccsociety.com: XX894
- ↑ www.buccsociety.com: XW544
- ↑ Green 1968, p. 136.
Bibliography
- Boot, Roy. From Spitfire to Eurofighter: 45 Years of Combat Aircraft Design. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1990. ISBN 1-85310-093-5.
- Green, William. Aircraft Handbook. London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1964.
- Green, William. The Observer's Book of Aircraft. London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 1968.
- Jefford, Wing Commander C.G., MBE,BA,RAF (Retd). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
External links
Template:Blackburn aircraft Template:Hawker Aircraft aircraft Template:British military aircraft since World War II
Lists relating to aviation | |
|---|---|
| General | Timeline of aviation · Aircraft · Aircraft manufacturers · Aircraft engines · Aircraft engine manufacturers · Airports · Airlines |
| Military | Air forces · Aircraft weapons · Missiles · Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) · Experimental aircraft |
| Notable incidents and accidents | Military aviation · Airliners · General aviation · Famous aviation-related deaths |
| Records | Flight airspeed record · Flight distance record · Flight altitude record · Flight endurance record · Most produced aircraft |
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