Vickers Vanguard

For the 1920s biplane airliner, see Vickers Type 170 Vanguard.

The Type 950 Vanguard was a British short/medium-range turboprop airliner introduced in 1959 by Vickers-Armstrongs, a development of their successful Viscount design with considerably more internal room. The Vanguard was introduced just before the first of the large jet-powered airliners, and was largely ignored by the market. Only 44 were built, ordered by Trans-Canada Airlines (TCA) and British European Airways (BEA). After only about 10 years service TCA experimentally converted one of theirs to a freighter configuration, calling it the Cargoliner. This was considered successful, and in the early 1970s most were converted to freighters, those from BEA becoming the Merchantman. These freighters remained in service for many years, with the last one (G-APEP) only retiring in 1996.

Development

The aircraft was designed to a BEA requirement for a 100-seat aircraft to replace their Viscounts. The original Type 870 design was then modified when TCA expressed their interest in the design as well, and Vickers returned the updated Type 950 that filled both requirements.

The main difference between the Viscount and Vanguard was the construction of the fuselage. The Vanguard started with the original Viscount fuselage, but cut it off about half of the way up from the bottom, and replaced the top section with a larger-diameter fuselage to give it a double bubble cross-section (similar to the Boeing Stratocruiser). The result of the larger upper portion was a roomier interior, with increased cargo capacity below the floor.

With this larger, and heavier, fuselage came the need for a new engine to lift it. Rolls-Royce delivered their new Tyne design with a nominal 4,000 hp/3,000 kW (as compared to the Viscount's Dart of about 1,700 hp/1,300 kW).

This allowed for a much higher service ceiling and cruising speed, the Vanguard had a service ceiling almost twice that of the Viscount. The Vanguard was one of the fastest turboprops ever and was faster than the present day Saab 2000 or de Havilland Canada Dash 8.

The first Type 950 prototype flew on 20 January 1959.

Operational service

The Vanguard entered service with BEA and TCA in late 1960. BEA operated their first Vanguard schedule on 17 December from Heathrow to Paris. Following delivery of their full fleet of six V951 and 14 V953 aircraft by 30 March 1962, the type took over many of BEAs busier European and UK trunk routes. The aircraft received names of famous Royal Navy warships, the first G-APEA was named "Vanguard", but these tended to be dropped later in service. Initial seating was 18 first-class at the rear and 108 tourist, but this was changed to 139 all-tourist, in which configuration, the Vanguard had very low operating costs per seat/mile. On flights up to 300 mi (480 km), such as from London to Paris, Brussels and Amsterdam, the type could match the block times of the pure jets which were being introduced in the early 1960s. The remaining BEA fleet passed to British Airways on 1 April 1974 and the last BA passenger flight with the type was on 16 June.

TCA initiated Vanguard schedules on 1 February 1961 with two flights from Toronto and Montreal via intermediate stops to Vancouver. The fleet was also used on services from Toronto and Montreal to New York and Nassau, Bahamas.

Cargo operations

File:V953F Merchantman at Manchester 1978.jpg

V953C Merchantman of British Airways Cargo at Manchester in 1978

In 1966 Air Canada removed all the seats in CF-TKK and refitted the aircraft for pure cargo work, in which role it could carry 42,000 lb (19,050 kg) of freight. Known by the airline as the "Cargoliner," it was the only such conversion, but survived to be the last Canadian Vanguard to be retired in December 1972.

BEA operated nine Vanguards mofified to a V953C "Merchantman" all-cargo layout from 1969, with the first two conversions being designed and carried out by Aviation Traders Engineering (ATL) at Southend Airport. BEA modified the remainder at Heathrow using kits from ATL. A large forward cargo door (139 in/353 cm by 80 in/203 cm high) was incorporated. The Merchantmen continued in service with BA until late 1979 when the remaining five were sold.

The last Merchantman was retired by Hunting Cargo Airlines on 30 September 1996 and donated to Brooklands Museum on 17 October 1996.

Accidents and Incidents

• On 27 October 1965 BEA Vickers Vanguard G-APEE flying from Edinburgh Airport to London Heathrow Airport, during a landing in poor visibility, attempted an overshoot but crashed on runway 28R. All on board died, 6 crew and 30 passengers.
• On 2 October 1971 BEA Vickers Vanguard G-APEC crashed near Aarsele in Belgium. 8 crew and 55 passengers died.
• On 10 April 1973 Invicta International Airways Vickers Vanguard G-AXOP crashed near Basel/Mulhouse Airport Switzerland. 4 crew and 104 passengers died.
• On 6 February 1989 Inter Cargo Service Vickers Vanguard F-GEJE crashed on takeoff from Marseille-Marignane Airport, France. 3 crew died, no passengers carried.

Variants

Type 950

Prototype, one built and two uncompleted as static test airframes.

Type 951

BEA, 20 ordered, 6 delivered. All in 127 seat mixed class configuration (18 first and 109 economy)

Type 952

TCA, more powerful engine and stronger fuselage and wing for higher weights, 23 delivered

Type 953

BEA, Same engines as 951, but the stronger airframe of the 952. Mostly operated as 135 seater all economy, but some configured as 127 mixed class the same as 951. 14 delivered replacing an order for 951's

Type 953C Merchantman

9 Conversions from Type 953

Operators

Template:Country data Canada

• Air Canada
• Trans Canada Airlines

Template:Country data France

• European Aero Service
• Inter Cargo Service

Template:Country data Iceland

• Air Viking
• Thor Cargo

Template:Country data Indonesia

• Angkasa Civil Air Transport
• Merpati Nusantara Airlines

Template:Country data Lebanon

• Lebanese Air Transport

Template:Country data Sweden

• Air Trader

Template:Country data United Kingdom

• Air Bridge Carriers
• Air Trader
• British Airways
• British European Airways
• Hunting Cargo Airlines
• Invicta Air Transport
• Elan Air Cargo
• DHL

Aircraft on display

• Type 953C Merchantman Superb (Registration G-APEP) at the Brooklands Museum, Surrey, England. The only intact airframe in existence.

File:Vickers Vangard 953C Merchantman Superb.jpg

Vickers Vangard 953C Merchantman Superb at Brooklands Museum, Weybridge.

Specifications (Type 952)

General characteristics

• Crew: 2-3
• Capacity: 139 passengers
• Length: 122 ft 10 in (37.50 m)
• Wingspan: 118 ft 7 in (36.10 m)
• Height: 34 ft 11 in (10.60 m)
• Wing area: 1,527 ft² (142 m²)
• Empty weight: 82,500 lb (37,421 kg)
• Loaded weight: 141,000 lb (63,977 kg)
• Powerplant: 4× Rolls-Royce Tyne RTy.11 Mk 512 turboprop, 5,545 hp (4,700 shp, 4,135 kW) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 425 mph (684 km/h)
• Range: 1,830 mi (2,945 km)
• Service ceiling: 30,000 ft (9,145 m)
• Wing loading: 92 lb/ft² (450 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.16 hp/lb (0.26 kW/kg)

See also

Comparable aircraft

• Lockheed L-188 Electra
• Ilyushin Il-18
• Bristol Britannia

References

Bibliography

• Davis (1981). Vickers Viscount and Vanguard. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-091-X. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Vickers_Vanguard

• Brooklands Motorsport and Aviation Museum

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Vickers Vanguard".