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Fairey III

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The Fairey III was a family of British reconnaissance biplanes that enjoyed a very long production and service history in both landplane and seaplane variants. First flying on 14 September 1917, examples were still in use during the Second World War.

Development and design

The prototype of the Fairey III was the N.10 floatplane, which was designed and built in 1917 by Fairey Aviation (along with the smaller N.9) to meet Admiralty Specification N.2(a) for a carrier-based seaplane for the Royal Naval Air Service during the First World War. N.10, also known by its constructer's number F.128 was a two-bay biplane with folding wings and powered by a 260 hp (190 kW) Sunbeam Maori engine. It first flew from the Port Victoria seaplane station on the Isle of Grain, Kent on 14 September 1917.[1]

Following tests both as a floatplane and with a conventional wheeled undercarriage, production orders were placed for two versions both powered by the Maori, the IIIA and IIB, with 50 and 60 aircraft planned, respectively. The Fairey IIIA was a reconnaissance aircraft intended to operate from aircraft carriers, and as such was fitted with a wheeled or skid undercarriage, while the IIIB was intended as a floatplane bomber, with larger span (increased from 46 ft 2 in/14.19 m to 62 ft 9 in/19.13 m) upper wings and a bombload of three 230 lb (105 kg) bombs.[2] While all 50 IIIAs were built, only 28 of the IIIBs were completed as intended, as a new improved bomber/reconnaissance floatplane, the Fairey IIIC was available, of which 36 were produced, which reverted to short equal-span wings like the IIIA but was powered by the much more powerful and reliable 375 hp (280 kW) Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engine and could still carry a useful bombload. Many of the IIIBs were completed as IIICs.[3]

The first major production model was the IIID, which was an improved IIIC, with provision for a third crewmember and capable of being fitted with either a floatplane or a conventional wheeled undercarriage.[4] It first flew in August 1920,[5], powered by a Rolls-Royce Eagle, and initial production for the Fleet Air Arm, together with aircraft produced for Australia and Portugal retained the Eagle, while later aircraft were powered by the more powerful Napier Lion.[5] The naval variants were usually three-seaters; pilot, observer and gunner and the wings would could be folded back parallel to the fuselage for storage aboard ship. In floatplane configuration, carrier-borne Fairey IIIs would be launched from the deck using a trolley and would land on the water upon their return. The Fairey III floatplane could also be catapult-launched from a ship. The IIID had a wooden, fabric-covered fuselage and usually a wooden, two-blade, fixed-pitch propeller. One IIID was built with metal wings and floats. A total of 207 IIIDs were produced for the Fleet Air Arm and RAF, with a further 20 being built for export.[5]

The most prolific and enduring of the Fairey IIIs was the final model, the IIIF, which was designed to meet Air Ministry Specification 19/24 for a three-seat spotter/reconnaissance aircraft for the Fleet Air Arm and a two-seat general purpose aircraft for the Royal Air Force. The IIIF, which first flew on 20 April 1926,[6] had a more streamlined engine installation and initially a fuselage of mixed metal and wooden construction, with similar wings to the IIID, although later production aircraft were fitted with an all-metal fuselages and wings.[7]

Over 350 IIIFs were operated by the Fleet Air Arm, making it the most widely used type of aircraft in Fleet Air Arm service between the wars.[8] In fact, of the British military aircraft in the inter-war years, only the Hawker Hart family was produced in greater numbers.[9]

Three IIIFs were modified as a radio-controlled gunnery trainer, known as the Fairey Queen. The Fairey IIIF was also the basis for development of the Gordon and Seal.

Operational history

Early versions

The IIIA and IIIB saw limited service towards the end of the war, with some IIIBs being used for mine-spotting duty from the seaplane station at Westgate-on-Sea.[10] The IIIC entered service in November 1918, but did not carry out any combat patrols owing to the Armistice ending hostilities with Germany. Seven IIICs were deployed to Arkhangelsk in 1919 by the seaplane tender Template:HMS in support of the North Russian Expeditionary Force. They were used to carry out bombing attacks against Bolshevik shipping and rail communications.[11]

IIID

The IIID was operated by the Royal Air Force and Fleet Air Arm as well as the air forces of Portugal (11 aircraft) and Australia.

Australia received six IIIDs, the first being delivered in August 1921. In 1924, the third of the Australian IIIDs, designated ANA.3 (or Australian Naval Aircraft No. 3), was awarded the Britannia Trophy by the Royal Aero Club for circumnavigating Australia in 44 days. The IIID remained in Australian service until 1928.[12] Portugal ordered its first IIIDs in 1921, its first aircraft being used for an attempt to fly across the South Atlantic starting on 30 March 1922, stopping at Las Palmas, São Vicente, Cape Verde before being lost making a refuelling stop at the Saint Peter and Paul Rocks.[13]

The IIID entered Fleet Air Arm Service in 1924, operating from shore bases, aircraft carriers and floats until replaced by the IIIF in 1930. The RAF Cape Flight used four IIIDs to carry out a long distance formation flight from Cairo to Cape Town and back in 1926, the first long range formation flight by the RAF and the first RAF flight to South Africa.[14] Fleet Air Arm IIIDs were used to defend British interests in Shanghai against rebel Chinese forces in 1927.[15]

IIIF

The IIIF entered service with the RAF in Egypt and with Fleet Air Arm Catapult flights in 1927 ,[16][17] and with the Royal New Zealand Air Force shortly after. The RAF used the IIIF to equip general-purpose squadrons in Egypt, Sudan, Aden and Jordan, where its ability to operate from both wheels and floats proved useful, while the contemporary Westland Wapiti carried out similar roles in Iraq and India.[18] As such IIIFs were used for colonial policing as well as taking part in further long distance flights. The RAF also used the IIIF to finally replace the Airco DH.9A in the home based Day-Bomber role, and, in the absence of sufficient long range flying boats for maritime patrol duties by 202 Squadron from Hal Far Malta.[19]

In the Fleet Air Arm, the IIIF replaced the IIID as a spotter-reconnaissance aircraft, operating on floats from the Royal Navy's cruisers and battleships, and with wheels, from the aircraft carriers Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS and Template:HMS.[20]

The IIIF remained in front line service well into the 1930s, with the last front line RAF squadron, 202 Squadron, re-equipping with Supermarine Scapas in August 1935,[21] and the final front line Fleet Air Arm squadron, 822 Squadron retained the IIIF until 1936.[22] The IIIF remained in use in second line roles, and despite being declared obsolete in 1940,[23] some were still in use as target tugs as late as 1941.[24]

Civil use

The first prototype III was purchased back by Fairey in 1919, fitted with new, single bay wings and a Napier Lion engine and entered into the 1919 Schneider Trophy race, on 10 September. The race was abandoned due to fog, however.[25]A small number of civil operated IIIDs and IIIFs were used for survey duties in the 1920s and 30s, while in October 1934 a single IIIF was entered into the MacRobertson Air Race, reaching the finishing line in Melbourne but too late to be classed as completing the race.[26]

A single example of the Fairey III is preserved in Portugal's Museu da Marinha (Naval Museum). The British Fleet Air Arm Museum has a fuselage.

Variants

Fairey N.10
The first Fairey III prototype.
Fairey IIIA
Two-seat reconnaissance biplane, powered by a 260 hp (190 kW) Sunbeam Maori II piston engine; 50 built.
Fairey IIIB
Three-seat patrol, bomber seaplane, powered by Sunbeam Maori II piston engine; 30 built.
Fairey IIIC
Two-seat reconnaissance, bomber and general-purpose seaplane, powered by a 375 hp (280 kW) Rolls-Royce Eagle piston engine; 36 built.
Fairey IIID
Two-seat general-purpose biplane, powered by a 375 hp (280 kW) Rolls-Royce Eagle or 450 hp (336 kW) Napier Lion piston engine; 227 built.[27]
Fairey IIIE
Designation sometimes used for Fairey Ferret radial-engine reconnaissance and general purpose aircraft. Three built.[28]
Fairey IIIF
Two-seat general-purpose biplane or three-seat spotter-reconnaissance biplane, powered by a Napier Lion piston engine.
Fairey IIIF I
First production version of the Fairey IIIF. Three-seat spotter-reconnaissance biplane, powered by a Napier Lion VA piston engine, of composite wood and metal construction. 55 built.[29]
Fairey IIIF II
Three-seat spotter-reconnaissance biplane, powered by a Napier Lion XIA piston engine, of composite wood and metal construction; 33 built.[29]
Fairey IIIF III
Three-seat spotter-reconnaissance biplane, powered by a Napier Lion XIA piston engine, with a fabric-covered all-metal structure; 291 built.[29]
Fairey IIIF IV
Two-seat general purpose biplane for the RAF, in both composite construction and all-metal versions. Powered by a Napier Lion XIA piston engine; 243 built.[29]
Fairey IIIF Mk V
The original designation of the Gordon.
Fairey IIIF Mk VI
Original designation of the Seal.
Queen IIIF
Radio-controlled gunnery training aircraft; Three built.
Fairey IIIM
Civil version; three built.

Operators

File:Fariey IIIF of NZPAF.JPG
Fairey IIIF of the New Zealand Permanent Air Force
Template:AUS
Template:ARG
  • IIIF
Template:CHL
  • IIIF
Template:GRE
  • IIIF
Template:IRL
Template:NLD
Template:NZL
Template:POR
  • IIID
Template:USSR
  • IIIF (1 aircraft)
Template:SWE
  • IIID
Template:UK

Specifications (Fairey IIIF IV)

Data from Fairey Aircraft since 1915 [30]

General characteristics

  • Crew: two or three
  • Length: 36 ft 9 in (11.20 m)
  • Wingspan: 45 ft 9 in (13.95 m)
  • Height: 14 ft 2 in (4.32 m)
  • Wing area: 439 ft² (41 m²)
  • Empty weight: 3,855 lb[31] (1,752 kg)
  • Loaded weight: 6,041 lb (2,746 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1× Napier Lion XI 12-cylinder W-block inline engine, 570 hp (423 kW)

Performance

Armament

  • Guns:
  • 1 × forward firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun
  • 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun in flexible mount for observer
  • Bombs: Up to 500 lb (227 kg) bombs can be carried under wings


See also

Related development

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References

Notes

  1. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.71.
  2. ↑ Mason 1994, pp. 89—90.
  3. ↑ Mason 1994, p.90.
  4. ↑ Mason 1994, p.131.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Taylor 1988, p.96.
  6. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.145.
  7. ↑ Jarrett March 1994, pp.60—61.
  8. ↑ Thetford 1978, p.124.
  9. ↑ Thetford May 1994, p.33.
  10. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.78.
  11. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.86.
  12. ↑ Isaacs 1984, pp.40—49.
  13. ↑ Taylor 1988, pp.98—100.
  14. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.102—103.
  15. ↑ Thetford 1978, p.116.
  16. ↑ Taylor1988, p.147.
  17. ↑ Mason 1994, p.178.
  18. ↑ Thetford 1994, p.33.
  19. ↑ Thetford 1994, pp.34—35.
  20. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.148.
  21. ↑ Thetford 1994, p.202.
  22. ↑ Thetford 1978, p.126.
  23. ↑ Thetford 1978, p.128.
  24. ↑ Mason 1994, p.128.
  25. ↑ Taylor 1988, pp.72—74.
  26. ↑ Jackson 1973, pp.200—203.
  27. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.94.
  28. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.129.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Taylor 1988, p.165.
  30. ↑ Taylor 1988, p.166.
  31. ↑ Mason 1994, p.179.
  32. ↑ Maximum fuel, no bombs

Bibliography

  • Isaacs, Keith. "The Fairey IIID In Australia". Air Enthusiast, Number 24, April-June 1984. Bromley, Kent, UK:Pilot Press. ISSN 0143-5450. pp.40—49.
  • Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume 2. London:Putnam, 1973. ISBN 0 370 10010 7.
  • Jarrett, Philip. "Fairey IIIF: Part 1". Aeroplane Monthly, March 1994, Vol 22 No 3 Issue 251. London:IPC. pp.58—63.
  • Jarrett, Philip. "Fairey IIIF: Part 2". Aeroplane Monthly, April 1994, Vol 22 No 4 Issue 252. London:IPC. pp.50—55.
  • Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London:Putnam, 1994. ISBN 0 85177 861 5.
  • Taylor, H.A. Fairey Aircraft since 1915. London:Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-370-00065-x.
  • Thetford, Owen. British Naval Aircraft since 1912. London:Putnam, Fourth edition 1978. ISBN 0 370 30021 1.
  • Thetford, Owen. "Fairey IIIF and Gordon in Service: Part 1". Aeroplane Monthly, June 1994, Vol 22 No 5 Issue 253. London:IPC. pp.32—38.

Template:Fairey aircraft

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Aviation in World War I

Aces · Aircraft of the Entente Powers · Aircraft of the Central Powers · Zeppelins · Category: World War I Aircraft

v • d • e
Lists relating to aviation
GeneralTimeline of aviation · Aircraft · Aircraft manufacturers · Aircraft engines · Aircraft engine manufacturers · Airports · Airlines
MilitaryAir forces · Aircraft weapons · Missiles · Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) · Experimental aircraft
Notable incidents
and accidents		Military aviation · Airliners · General aviation · Famous aviation-related deaths
RecordsFlight airspeed record · Flight distance record · Flight altitude record · Flight endurance record · Most produced aircraft

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