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Air force
An air force, in some countries called an air army, is a military or armed service that primarily conducts aerial warfare. It typically consists of a combination of fighters, bombers, helicopters, transport planes and other aircraft. Many air forces are also responsible for operations of military space, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), and communications equipment. Some air forces may command and control other air-defense assets such as antiaircraft artillery, surface-to-air missiles, or anti-ballistic missile warning networks and defensive systems.
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Organization
Many nations' militaries have air forces that are independent - that is, it is neither part of the army nor the navy. This however does not stop armies and especially navies from possessing air arms to support their land or sea operations. In some forces, such as those of Canada and formerly in some other countries, all military aircraft are operated by the air force, even when they are attached to - and even under the operational command of - other services.
Air forces typically operate numerous types of aircraft. These may include
- Fighters, used to destroy other aircraft;
- Bombers and Attack Aircraft, used to attack ground targets;
- Reconnaissance Aircraft;
- Electronic Warfare
- Airborne Early Warning Aircraft;
- Maritime Patrol Aircraft;
- Transport Aircraft;
- Tankers which provide aerial in-flight refuelling for other aircraft;
- Helicopters, used for attack, rescue or transport;
- and Training Aircraft.
Air forces also operate numerous types of satellites. These satellites provide services such as:
- Secure and unsecure communications
- Position, navigation and timing
- Missile warning
- Weather data
- Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR)
Some air forces such as the British Royal Air Force (RAF) have a unique rank structure loosely based on naval ranks; other air forces such as the United States Air Force (USAF) have a rank structure on the Enlisted side that is unique, but the Officer corps uses Army-style rank. Finally, there are air forces such as Soviet Air Force that use Army-style ranks for both Enlisted and Officer corps. Most (but not all) wear blue-grey uniforms ('air force', as opposed to 'navy', blue), a practice pioneered by the Royal Air Force. The organization structures of the air forces also vary: some air forces (such as the USAF and RAF) are divided into commands, groups and squadrons; others (such as the Soviet Air Force) have an Army-style organizational structure.
Pilots make up only a small portion of an air force's personnel. For every pilot, there is a flight crew who supports the aircraft, a maintenance group, communications crew, satellite operators, administrative personnel, and medical personnel; in some air forces, there are officers responsible for strategic nuclear weapons such as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Although the majority of the senior leadership of most air forces are pilots, the majority of the personnel are not. Some air forces operate anti-aircraft artillery (now with radars and missiles), and a few air forces have their own paratroopers, or ground defence personnel charged with defending Air Bases, their supply lines and surrounding areas from hostile ground forces, such as the British RAF Regiment or the French Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air. Some Air Forces also include their own Special Forces, which may include aircrews and aircraft tasked with special missions such as surveillance or insertion operations, or ground-based personnel such as the American Air Force Special Tactics or the Malaysian PASKAU units, who provide support to Air Force or Special Forces operations by performing functions such as pilot rescue and forward air control. Given the pilots' special status, they often wear special insignia in the form of a vol or "wings". Other air crews might wear variations of such insignia.
History
Main article: Aerial warfare
Origins
Template:Seealso The origins of military aviation lie in the use of balloons as a reconnaissance aid to ground-based commanders. The French made use of a balloon at the Battle of Fleurus in 1794 and the Americans were the first to employ balloons on a major scale during the American Civil War.
The British first experimented with balloons in 1863 and in 1888 a School of Ballooning was established.
Heavier-than-air military aircraft
Balloon corps are not generally regarded as examples of an air force. However, with the invention of heavier-than-air flying machines in 1903, armies and navies began to take interest in this new form of aviation.
The first aviation force in the world was the Aviation Militaire of the French Army formed in 1910, which eventually became L'Armée de l'Air. During World War I France, Germany, Italy and the British Empire all possessed significant aviation forces of bombers and fighters, the latter produced numerous flying aces.
Independent air forces
An independent air force is one which is a separate branch of a nation's armed forces and is, at least notionally, on equal terms to that nation's army or navy.
The Finnish Air Force claims to be the first independent air force in the world. When it was founded on 6 March 1918[1], it consisted of one aircraft and was commanded by a junior officer. However, it is generally recognized that the British Royal Air Force was the first independent air force of any size. The RAF was founded on 1 April 1918 by merging the British Army's Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Navy's Air Service. On establishment the RAF comprised over 20,000 aircraft, was commanded by a Chief of the Air Staff who held the rank of Major General and was governed by its own government ministry (the Air Ministry).
After the war, Germany had been banned by the Versailles Treaty from having an air force, but the Luftwaffe was brought into existence in 1935. Italy's Regia Aeronautica became an independent force back in 1923, while France's L'Armée de l'Air gained independence only in the mid-1930s. The Soviet Air Force had been more or less autonomous since 1924, while the United States Army Air Corps gained semi-independent status only with the creation of the United States Army Air Force in 1941, a few months before Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese aircraft.
The two World Wars
Germany was the first country to use its air force to drop bombs on enemy cities. In the First World War it used its zeppelins (airships) to drop bombs on British cities. At that time, Britain did have aircraft, though her airships were less advanced than the zeppelins and were very rarely used for attacking; instead they were usually used to spy on German U-boats (submarines). Planes at that point were primitive world wide, they only travelled at around 50 mph and were very vulnerable to attack. The average pilot at that time would only live for one week after they completed their training.
By the time the Second World War started, planes had become much safer, faster and more reliable. They were adopted as standard for bombing raids and taking out other aircraft because they were much faster than airships. The World's largest military Air Force by the start of the Second World War in 1939 was the Red Air Force, and although much depleted, it would stage the largest air battles of WWII over the four years with the Luftwaffe. The war's most important air battle took place over the English Channel between Britain's Royal Air Force and Germany's Luftwaffe known as the Battle of Britain. In the end Britain emerged victorious and this caused Adolf Hitler to give up his plan to invade Britain. In the Second World War there was also the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese in 1941, in which they attacked an American Naval base in Hawaii.
Strategic bombing
The air force's role of strategic bombing against enemy infrastructures was developed during the 1930s by the Japanese in China and by the Germans during the Spanish Civil War. This role for the bomber was perfected during World War II, when "Thousand Bomber Raids" were not uncommon. The need to intercept these bombers, both on day and at night, accelerated fighter aircraft developments. The war ended when United States Army Air Force Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers dropped two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945.
Post World War II
The United States Air Force finally became an independent service in 1947. As the Cold War began, both the USAF and the Soviet Air Force built up their nuclear-capable strategic bomber forces. Several technological advances were widely introduced during this time: the jet engine; the missile; the helicopter; and inflight refueling.
Communist China has also developed a large air force (which, contrary to popular belief, is in fact quite independent from the ground force), initially with aid from the Soviet Union, and later on its own. Both the US and the USSR supplied large numbers of aircraft, technical advice and training to their allied nations.
During the 1960s, Canada took the unusual step of merging the Royal Canadian Air Force with the army and the navy to form the unified Canadian Forces, with a green uniform for everyone. This proved very unpopular[citation needed], and recently the air force (and the navy) have re-adopted their distinct identities (although structurally they remained a unified force). Perhaps the latest air force to become "independent" is the Irish Air Corps, which changed its uniform from army green to blue in the 1990s.
Air Armies
Several countries title their military aviation Air Army, notably France. In such countries the army is officially called the Land Army, although in common usage "army" retains its meaning of a land force.
However, in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation the Air Army also refers to a military formation, and during WWII eighteen Air Armies operated as part of the Red Army Order of Battle of the Military units and formations of the Soviet Union in World War II. The Air Armies were divided into the air forces of the military district PVO, the Frontal Aviation Air Armies assigned one to each Front, and the Anti-Air Defense Armies that included anti-aircraft guns and interceptors.
