Avro Anson

Avro Anson
275px
Type	Multirole aircraft, primarily a trainer
Manufacturer	Avro
Maiden flight	24 March Template:Avyear
Introduced	Template:Avyear
Retired	28 June Template:Avyear
Primary users	Royal Air Force Fleet Air Arm
Produced	1930s-1952
Number built	11,020

The Avro Anson was a British twin-engine, multi-role aircraft that served with the Royal Air Force, Fleet Air Arm and numerous other air forces during the Second World War and afterwards. Named for British admiral George Anson, it was originally designed for maritime reconnaissance but was soon rendered obsolete. However it was rescued from obscurity by its suitability as a multi-engine air crew trainer, becoming the mainstay of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. By the end of its production life in 1952, the Anson spanned nine variants and a total of 8,138 had been built in Britain by Avro and, from 1941, a further 2,882 by the Canadian Federal Aircraft Ltd.

Design and development

The Anson was derived from the commercial six-seat Avro 652 and the militarised version, which first flew on 24 March 1935, was built to Air Ministry Specification 18/35. It was the first RAF monoplane with a retractable undercarriage. The first production run resulted in 174 Anson Mk I aircraft for service with Coastal Command. No. 48 Squadron RAF was the first to be equipped in March 1936.

A distinctive feature of the Anson was its landing gear retraction mechanism which required no less than 140 turns of the hand crank by the pilot. To forgo this laborious process, Ansons often flew with the landing gear extended at the expense of 30 mph (50 km/h) of cruise speed .

A total of 11,020 Ansons were built by the end of production in 1952, making it the second-most-numerous (after the Vickers Wellington) British multi-engine aircraft of the war.

Operational history

At the start of the Second World War, there were 26 RAF squadrons operating the Anson I; ten with Coastal Command and 16 with Bomber Command. However, by this time, the Anson was obsolete in the roles of bombing and coastal patrol and in the process of being superseded by the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Lockheed Hudson.

Limited numbers of Ansons continued to serve in operational roles such as coastal patrols and air/sea rescue. Early in the war an Anson scored a probable hit on a German U-boat. In June 1940, a flight of three Ansons was attacked by nine Luftwaffe Messerschmitt Bf 109s. Remarkably, the Ansons downed two German aircraft "and damaging a third before the 'dogfight' ended" , without losing any of their own. The aircraft's true role, however, was to train pilots for flying multi-engine bombers such as the Avro Lancaster. The Anson was also used to train the other members of a bomber's air crew, such as navigators, wireless operators, bomb aimers and air gunners. Postwar, the Anson continued in the training role and light transport roles. The last Ansons were withdrawn from RAF service with communications units on 28 June 1968.

The Royal Australian Air Force operated 1,028 Ansons, mainly Mk Is, until 1955. The Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy operated Ansons until 1952. The USAAF employed 50 Canadian-built Ansons, designated as the AT-20.

The Royal New Zealand Air Force operated 23 Ansons as navigation trainers in the Second World War, (alongside the more numerous Airspeed Oxford), and acquired more Ansons as communication aircraft immediately after the war. A preserved navigation trainer is in the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum at Wigram.

The Egyptian Air Force operated Ansons in communications and VIP duties. A specially outfitted Anson was gifted to the then King by the Royal Air Force. The Royal Afghan Air Force obtained 13 Anson 18 aircraft for various duties from 1948. These aircraft survived through 1972.

Postwar use

After the war, Ansons continued in civilian use as light transports.

Variants

The main Anson variant was the Mk I, of which 6,704 were built in Britain. The other variants were mainly distinguished by their powerplant with Canadian-built Ansons using local engines. To overcome steel shortages, the 1,051 Canadian-built Mk V Ansons featured a plywood fuselage.

File:Avro.anson.arp.jpg Avro Anson WD413 of the Air Atlantique Classic Flight takes off

File:Avro.anson.static.arp.jpg Avro Anson WD413 of the Air Atlantique Classic Flight

Mk I

6,688 Mk Is were built. Powered by two 350-hp Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah IX or two 395-hp XIX engines.

Mk II

1,822 Mk IIs were built in Canada; powered by two 330 hp Jacobs L-6MB engines.

Mk III

Powered by two 330 hp Jacobs L-6MB engines; British-built.

Mk IV

Powered by two Wright Whirlwind engines; British-built.

Mk V

1,069 Mk Vs were built in Canada; powered by two 450 hp Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior engines.

Mk VI

One aircraft was built in Canada; powered by two 450 hp Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior engines.

Mk X

104 Anson Mk Is were converted into Mk Xs

Mk 11

90 Anson Mk Is were converted into Mk 11s

Mk 12

20 Anson Mk Is were converted into Mk 12s, plus 221 new Mk 12 aircraft were built.

Mk XIII

Gunnery trainer powered by two Cheetah XI or XIX engines; never built.

Mk XIV

Gunnery trainer powered by two Cheetah XV engines; never built.

Mk XVI

Navigation trainer; never built.

Mk XV

Bombing trainer; never built.

C 19

264 were built for the RAF; used as communications and transport aircraft.

T 20

60 aircraft were built for the RAF; used for bombing and navigation training in Southern Rhodesia.

T 21

Navigation trainers for the RAF; 252 aircraft were built.

T 22

Radio trainers for the RAF; 54 aircraft were built.

Anson 18

Developed from the Avro Nineteen; 12 aircraft were sold to the Royal Afghan Air Force for use as communications, police patrol and aerial survey aircraft.

Anson 18C

13 aircraft were built for the Indian government; used for training civil aircrews.

Avro Nineteen

(Also known as the Anson XIX): Civil transport version; 56 aircraft were built in two series.

Operators

File:World operators of the Anson.png

Military Anson operators

Template:AFG

13 Anson 18 aircraft were delivered to the Afghan Air Force from 1948 and retired by 1972

Template:ARG

At least one, LV-FBR, in use in 1960.

Template:AUS

1,028 Ansons were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force, retiring in 1955

Template:BEL

Template:BOT

Template:Country data Canada

Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy Ansons were retired in 1952

Template:CUB

three Canadian-built Ansons were transported to Cuba, operated by ANSA-Aerolineas del Norte S.A., a regional airline from 1947 through the mid-1950s

Template:Country data Egypt

Egyptian Air Force

Template:EST

Template:ETH

Template:FIN

Finnish Air Force

Template:FRA

Template:Country data Greece

Hellenic Royal Air Force

Template:Country data Iran

Template:Country data Iraq

Template:IRL

Irish Air Corps

Template:ISR

Template:NLD

Template:NZL

Royal New Zealand Air Force

Template:NOR

Template:POR

Template:SAU

Template:Country data South Africa

South African Air Force

Template:TUR

Template:UK

Royal Air Force, Royal Navy

Template:USA

50 Canadian built Ansons were delivered to the United States Air Force as the AT-20.

Specifications (Mk I)

Data from , David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II

General characteristics

• Crew: 3-4
• Length: 42 ft 3 in (12.88 m)
• Wingspan: 56 ft 6 in (17.22 m)
• Height: 13 ft 1 in (3.99 m)
• Wing area: 463 ft² (43.1 m²)
• Empty weight: 5,512 lb (2,500 kg)
• Loaded weight: 7,955 lb (3,608 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 8,500 lb (3,900 kg)
• Powerplant: 2× Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah IX radial engines, 350 hp (260 kW) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 188 mph (163 knots, 303 km/h) at 7,000 ft (2,100 m)
• Range: 790 mi (690 nm, 1,300 km)
• Service ceiling: 19,000 ft (5,791 m)
• Rate of climb: 750 ft/min (3.8 m/s)
• Wing loading: 17.2 lb/ft² (83.9 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.088 hp/lb (140 W/kg)

Armament

• Guns:
  
  • 1× .303 in (7.70 mm) machine gun in front fuselage
  • 1× .303 in Vickers K machine gun in dorsal turret
• Bombs: 360 lb (160 kg)

See also

Related development

• Avro 652

Comparable aircraft

• Airspeed Oxford

References

Bibliography

• Donald, David and Lake Jon, eds. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-880588-24-2.
• Gunston, Bill. Classic World War II Aircraft Cutaways. London: Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-526-8.
• Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908, 2nd edition. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-834-8.
• Hall, Alan W. Avro Anson Mks. 1-22 (Warpaint Series No. 53). Blechley, Buckinghamshire, UK: Warpaint Books Ltd., 2006. ISBN 0-0530-9999-X.
• Hall, Alan W. and Taylor, Eric. Avro Anson Marks I, III, IV & X. London: Almark Publishing Co. Ltd., 1972. ISBN 0-85524-064-4.
• Holmes, Harry. Avro Anson (Images of Aviation). London: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2000. ISBN 0-752417-38-X.
• Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press. 1994. ISBN 1-85152-668-4.
• Sturtivant, Ray C. The Anson File. London: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-156-8.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Avro Anson

• RNZAF Museum Anson page

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Avro Anson".