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Sikorsky S-51

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The Sikorsky H-5, (aka R-5, S-51, HO3S-1, or Horse) (R-5 until 1948; company designation VS-327)[1] is a helicopter built by Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, formerly used by the United States Air Force, and its predecessor, the United States Army Air Forces, as well as the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard (with the designations HO2S and HO3S). It was also used by the United States Post Office Department.[2] In December 1946, an agreement was signed between the British company Westland Aircraft and Sikorsky to produce a British version of the H-5 or S-51, to be manufactured under license in Britain as the Westland-Sikorsky WS-51 Dragonfly. By the time production ceased in 1951, more than 300 examples of all types of the S-51/H-5 had been built.

Design and development

File:SAAF-Sikorsky S51-001.jpg
Cockpit of the S-51

The H-5, originally designated the R-5 by Sikorsky, was designed to provide a helicopter having greater useful load, endurance, speed, and service ceiling than the Sikorsky R-4. The R-5 differed from the R-4 in having increased rotor diameter and a new, longer fuselage for two persons in tandem.[1] Larger than the R-4 or the later R-6, the R-5 was fitted with a more powerful Wasp Junior 450-hp radial engine, and quickly proved itself the most successful of the three types.[3] The first XR-5 of four ordered made its initial flight on 18 August 1943. In March 1944, the United States Army Air Force ordered 26 YR-5As for service testing, and in February 1945, the first YR-5A was delivered. This order was followed by a production contract for 100, outfitted with racks for two litters (stretchers); only 34 were actually delivered.[1]

Sikorsky soon developed a modified version of the YR-5A, the S-51, featuring a greater rotor diameter, carrying capacity, and gross weight, which first flew on February 16, 1946.[1] With room for three passengers plus pilot, the S-51 was initially intended to appeal to civilian as well as military operators, and was the first helicopter to be sold to a commercial user.[4] Eleven S-51s were ordered by the USAF and designated the R-5F, while ninety went to the Navy as the HO3S-1, commonly referred to as the 'Horse'.[1]

In Britain, Westland Aircraft began production in 1946 of the Westland-Sikorsky S-51 Dragonfly for the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force, all of which were powered by a 500 hp Alvis Leonides engine. This gave an improved top speed of 103 mph and a service ceiling of 14,000 ft. In total, 133 Westland-Sikorsky Dragonfly helicopters were built. A considerably modified version was also developed by Westland as the Westland Widgeon, but the type was never adopted for service.

The U.S. Navy ordered four S-51s "off-the-shelf" from Sikorsky in late 1946 for use in the Antarctic and Operation Highjump, placing them into Navy inventory as the HO3S-1.[5] Carried aboard the seaplane tender USS Pine Island, on Christmas Day 1946 an HO3S-1 of VX-3 piloted by Lt. Commander Walter M. Sessums became the first helicopter to fly in the Antarctic. Having proved its capabilities, the initial Navy HO3S-1 order was followed by subsequent purchases of an additional 42 aircraft in 1948.[6] The Navy equipped several warship classes with HO3S-1 utility helos, including aircraft carriers, seaplane tenders, icebreakers, Des Moines class cruisers, and Iowa class battleships. By February 1948, the Marine Corps had equipped HMX-1, its first regular Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron, with six HO3S-1 aircraft. With a passenger load of only three lightly-dressed persons, the HO3S-1s were primarily operated in the utility role by the Marines; for the transport role, an additional nine tandem-rotor Piasecki-built HRP-1 helicopters were later added to the squadron.[7] Eventually, the U.S. Navy would acquire a total of 88 HO3S-1 (S-51) helicopters.

Twenty-one Sikorsky YR-5As were fitted with third seat, rescue hoist, auxiliary external fuel tank, and nosewheel; the United States Navy evaluated three, as the HO2S-1.[1] Five more were converted as dual-control YR-5Es.[1]

Thirty-nine additional specialized rescue helicopters were built, as the H-5G, in 1948, while sixteen were fitted with pontoons as the H-5H amphibian in 1949.[1]

The R-5 had been designated under the United States Army Air Force system, a series starting with R-1 and proceeded up to about R-16. In 1947 with the start of the United States Air Force, there was a new system, and many aircraft, but not all, were redesignated. The R-6 became the H-6. The United States Army broke off with its own designation system in the 1950s, resulting in new designations for its helicopter projects (such as the HO-6).[8] In 1962 under the new tri-service system (see 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system), many Navy and Army aircraft were given the low numbers. Under the 1962 system, the low H numbers were given to new aircraft. For example, H-6 was given to the HO-6, which entered service as the Cayuse.

Operational performance & history

During its service life, the H-5/SO3S-1 was used for utility, rescue, and mercy missions throughout the world, including flights during Operation Highjump in the Antarctic. While the extra power of the H-5 made it significantly more useful than its R-4 and R-6 cousins, the H-5/HO3S-1 suffered, like most early small tandem-seat single-rotor machines, from center of gravity problems. As a matter of routine, the helicopter was equipped with two iron-bar weights - each in a canvas case - one of Template:Convert & one of Template:Convert. Flying with no passengers - both weights went forward alongside the pilot. With three passengers, both weights normally went into the baggage compartment. However, in conditions of high ambient temperatures, which reduced lift due to the lowered air density, all weights were jettisoned. If the weights could not be recovered later, pilots on future missions were forced to utilize rocks or other improvised weight next to the pilot after offloading three passengers, or else travel at a very slow Template:Convert.[9]

The H-5/SO3S-1 gained its greatest fame, during the Korean War when it was called upon repeatedly to rescue United Nations' pilots shot down behind enemy lines and to evacuate wounded personnel from frontline areas, before being replaced in most roles by the H-19 Chickasaw. In 1957, the last H-5 and HO3S-1 helicopters were retired from active U.S. military service.

Variants

File:HO3S BB-62 1953.jpeg
A US Navy HO3S-1 in 1953
File:HO3S MAG-33 Inchon 1950.jpeg
A HO3S-1 of VMO-6 at Inchon, Korea, 1950.
XR-5
Prototype based on the VS.372 with two seats and tailwheel landing gear and powered by a 450hp R-985-AN-5, five built.
YR-5A
As the XR-5 with minor modifications, 26 built including two to the United States Navy as the HO2S-1.
R-5A
Production rescue model with provision for two external stretchers, 34 built later re-designated H-5A.
R-5B
Modified R-5A, not built.
YR-5C
Modified R-5A, not built.
R-5D
Modified R-5As with nose-wheel landing gear, rescue hoist, twenty conversion later re-designated H-5D.
YR-5E
Modified YR-5As with dual controls, five conversions later re-designated YH-5E.
R-5F
Civil model S-51 four-seaters bought in 1947, 11 built later re-designated H-5F.
H-5A
R-5A redesignated.
H-5D
R-5D redesignated.
YH-5E
YR-5E redesignated.
H-5F
R-5F redesignated.
H-5G
Four-seater as H-5F with rescue equipment, 39 bought.
H-5H
As H-5G with updated equipment, 16 built.
HO2S-1
Two YR-5As to the United States Navy later passed to the United States Coast Guard, order for 34 cancelled.
HO3S-1
Four-seat version for the USN similar to the H-5F, 88 built.
HO3S-1G
HO3S-1 for the United States Coast Guard, nine built.
HO3S-2
Was a naval version of the H-5H, not built.
HO3S-3
One HO3S-1 modified in 1950 with a redesigned rotor.
S-51
Civil four-seat transport version; four purchased for inventory for U.S. Navy

Operators

Sikorsky S-51

File:RAAF A80-374 Sikorsky S-51.jpg
Royal Australian Air Force A80-374 Sikorsky S-51 at the RAAF Museum
File:050429-F-1234P-026.jpg
Sikorsky H-5 helicopter and Grumman SA-16s of the 3rd Rescue Squadron
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Template:Country data Canada
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File:BEA Sikorsky S-51 in 1953.jpg
British European Airways Sikorsky S-51 in 1953
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Survivors

Specifications

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General characteristics

  • Length: 41 ft 2 in (12.5 m)
  • Rotor diameter: 48 ft (14.6 m)
  • Height: 12 ft 11 in (3.9 m)
  • Loaded weight: 4,815 lb (2,184 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney R-985 , 450 hp (335 kW)
  • * Tail rotor diameter: 8 ft 5 in (2.5 m)

Performance


References

Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor. Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 20, p.2173, "R-5, Sikorsky".
  2. ↑ "What Happens When You Mail a Letter." Popular Science, December 1951.
  3. ↑ Rawlins 1976, p. 2.
  4. ↑ Rawlins 1976, pp. 2–3.
  5. ↑ Rawlins 1976, p. 4.
  6. ↑ Rawlins 1976, pp. 2, 19.
  7. ↑ Rawlins 1976, p. 20.
  8. ↑ Polmar, Norman, & Kennedy, Floyd D., Jr. Military Helicopters of the World (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1981), p.227
  9. ↑ Close, Robert A. (Cmdr), Helo Operations, 1945 - U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association & Foundation, https://www.usna.com/SSLPage.aspx?pid=656
  10. ↑ RAAF Museum
  11. ↑ United States Air Force Museum 1975, p. 54.
  12. ↑ "Building 5: Helicopters and last propeller fighter." Royal Thai Air Force Museum. Retrieved: 11 January 2011.
Bibliography
  • Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, Vol.20. London: Phoebus, 1978.
  • Rawlins, Eugene W. ,Lt. Col. Marines and Helicopters 1946-1962. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 1976.
  • United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.

External links

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It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Sikorsky S-51".


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